列印本頁 | Close Window

開發長跑的新能源(研究文獻翻譯)

列印論壇: 跑者廣場
分類: 慢跑俱樂部
討論區名稱: 百信建材澄清湖慢跑隊
討論區簡介: 百信建材澄清湖慢跑隊
URL: http://www.taipeimarathon.org.tw/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=3226
列印日期: 2026-10-23 at 2:17pm
軟體版本: Web Wiz Forums 9.73 - http://www.webwizforums.com


主題: 開發長跑的新能源(研究文獻翻譯)
發表人: OPEN
文章主題: 開發長跑的新能源(研究文獻翻譯)
發表日期: 2006-02-05 at 1:33pm

Fuel on Fat For the Long Run

燃燒體脂肪作為長跑的能量

By Deborah Schulman, Ph.D

譯者張開雲

It Is More Efficient To Tap Into Your Unlimited Fat Supply

利用你的體脂供應無限能量會更有效率

c 2000 42K(+) Press, Inc.

MIGRATORY BIRDS and whales rely on stored fat to fuel their long, strenuous journeys. Developing your fat engine will increase the amount of energy you can generate, reduce the amount of carbohydrates you use, and stretch out the glycogen supply during long runs. Added together, you have a more stable and enduring energy supply, better endurance, and faster finish times.

候鳥和鯨靠著燃燒體內儲存的脂肪完成漫長艱辛的遷陡。長跑時,開發你體內的「燃脂引擎」能提高產生能量的總值,減少碳水化合物的消耗,延長肝醣的供應。總合以上的能源,你將有更穩定且持久的能量供給,更有耐力,更快完跑。

To illustrate, let's consider Shane. Shane is a computer engineer in his late 30s who has stayed active over the years with yard work, occasional football games with his kids, and sporadic attempts to weight train. In short, he was not aerobically fit. Inspired by the fortitude and tenacity of his wife, who just ran her first marathon, he decided to train for a marathon.

就拿賢哥作例子來說明。賢哥是位電腦工程師,30 歲,多年來用整理庭院的勞動保持活力。偶而和孩子玩美式足球,極少嘗試激烈運動。總而言之,他並不具備健康的心肺功能。受到他剛 完成第一個馬拉松的老婆所展現之毅力和堅持所刺激,賢哥決心進行馬拉松訓練。

He was determined to be informed and methodical about the process. Many of the books he read recommended training with a heart rate monitor. The books said that most people run marathons at 75 to 80 percent of maximum heart rate, so he decided to do a test. He consulted a chart to find his heart rate at a more manageable effort of 65 percent and set off running.

他決定要暸解整個訓練流程並有條不紊地進行。許多書都推荐心跳監控訓練法。書上說大多數人跑馬拉松時心跳達到最高心跳的75~80%,因此他決定做個驗證。他查表後發現心跳保持在最高心跳的65%有較易掌握的效果,就按此要領進行訓練。

After only 90 minutes on the road, he felt nauseated and fatigued. His legs felt like bricks, and finally he was forced to stop. In other words, he bonked well short of the distance he would need to cover to finish the marathon.

上路一個半小時後賢哥感覺很虛並且想吐。他因為「鐵腿」不得不停下來。換句話說,他「撞牆」得有夠早,根本無望撐完馬拉松的距離 。

Due to his low level of fitness, most of Shane's energy was coming from the limited carbohydrate stores in his liver and muscles. He simply ran to the end of his carbohydrate supply. Carbohydrates are necessary to maintain exercise at any intensity. An excessively high rate of usage combined with low carbohydrate stores reduced his endurance, even at relatively easy running speeds. Had he eaten GU or drunk Gatorade, he still would not have been able to continue for much longer. A training program that focused on switching to fat for fuel would change that.

由於他如此遜的體能,賢哥所有的能量來自儲存在肝臟和肌肉中的醣。他輕易地耗盡體內的醣。碳水化合物也就是醣是維持任何強度運動 的必需能源。過度高比例的消耗再加上低存量降低賢哥的耐力,即使用輕鬆跑的速度也一樣。就算吃 能量包或運動飲料依然無法撐久一點兒。因此訓練計畫的重點在轉換脂肪作為能源來改善這現象。

待續!



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.



回應數:
發表人: RunningYam
發表日期: 2006-02-05 at 2:12pm
原發表於 http://www.marathonandbeyond.com/ - Marathon and Beyond 雜誌 ( http://www.marathonandbeyond.com/tocvol6.htm#5 - 2002 年 9/10 月號 ), 但只可在此見到原文 - http://www.marathonguide.com/training/articles/MandBFuelonFat.cfm - Fuel on Fat for the Long Run .

-------------
我只是出去散步,最後得出結論,以避開到日落,為走出去,我發現,是怎麼回事英寸

-約翰繆爾(1838年至1914年)

只是出去走走,結果待到天黑,我發現,出走竟真是返我。


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-05 at 6:42pm

請問前輩對此理論的看法為何?可否提供給後學作參考。感激不盡!

小弟過去總被低血糖及「撞牆」所因擾。



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-06 at 12:48pm

譯文之二

PUMP UP THE VOLUME 提高訓練份量

Arthur Lydiard contended that the most important aspect of conditioning is volume. In the 1960s his training concepts were revolutionary. Even the track athletes whom he coached followed a marathon-based aerobic conditioning program in the initial phases of their training cycles. Considering the phenomenal success of athletes who trained under Lydiard's tutelage, such as Peter Snell, John Davies, and Lorraine Moller, and other athletes who have followed his program principles, his theories were insightful. Subsequent research has shown that they also possess a sound physiological basis.

Arthur Lydiard主張調整狀態時最重要的面向是訓練份量。他的訓練觀念在60 年代是革命性的。即使是他帶的徑賽選手,在訓練週期的最初階段也必須先遵循如馬拉松訓練式地調整心肺有氧課程。看看在他的調教下 那些成就非凡的運動員就知道他的理論是真知卓見。隨後所作的研究也顯示他的理論具有完整的生理學基礎。

While many of America's marathoners switched focus to quality (and reduced mileage) rather than quantity, coaches from Japan, Italy, Mexico, Germany, and China were incorporating Lydiard's principles into highly successful training programs. Naoko Takahashi reportedly ran up to 80K (50 miles) per day in preparation to become the first woman marathoner in the world to dip under 2:20. Catherine Ndereba ran comparatively modest 100-mile weeks in the buildup to her world record of 2:18:47 at Chicago in 2001. Jerry Lawson, imitating the high-mileage successes of Bill Rodgers, Alberto Salazar, and Frank Shorter, ran up to 250 miles per week en route to his then American record of 2:09.

當許多美國的馬拉松選手轉變訓練重點為重質不重量(並減少里程數)時,日、義、墨、德、中國的教練們引用Arthur Lydiard的原理在他們非常成功的訓練計畫中。高橋尚子的訓練量每日高達80公里並破記錄地成為第一個跑進2小時20分的女子馬拉松選手。Catherine Ndereba較謹慎地每週跑100英哩,用數週累積里程來創下2001年世界紀錄2:18:47在芝加哥。Jerry Lawson仿效Bill Rodgers, Alberto Salazar, and Frank Shorter高里程訓練的成功經驗,在達成他的美國紀錄2:09的過程中,提高週里程數到250英哩。

Metabolically, high-volume training makes sense. There are two main sources of fuel for exercise: carbohydrates and fats. The energy supply from carbohydrate and fat is inversely related. High rates of carbohydrate use reduce combustion of fat. Carbohydrates are used preferentially at very high efforts, such as a 5K race, or at low fitness levels when fat metabolism is underdeveloped.

以新陳代謝的角度來看,大量訓練是合理的。有兩種主要能源作為運動的能量: 醣和脂肪。這兩種能源的供應是逆轉換的關係。高比例地消耗醣類會減少脂肪的燃燒。碳水化合物會優先消耗於高速的運動,如5公里短程競速或脂肪代謝尚未開發之低階的體適能狀態。

Conversely, when you teach your body to rely on fat for fuel, your combustion of carbohydrates goes down, thus "sparing" carbohydrates. This benefits performance in endurance events. You become very fatigued when you run too low on carbohydrates. We store only a very limited amount of carbohydrate (glycogen) in our bodies. Compare this with a relatively unlimited supply of fat. Even an athlete with only 6 percent body fat will have enough fat to fuel exercise lasting for many hours. When you use more fat, you generate more energy and your carbohydrate supply lasts longer.

相對的,當你訓練自已的身體以脂肪為能源,體內醣的消耗就降低,甚至變成備用能量。這種好處表現在持久力上。體內醣的儲量過低會 使人變得很虛。人體只能儲存非常有限量的醣(肝醣)。相較於脂肪則用之不盡。就算只有6%體脂肪的運動選手也有足夠的能量支撐數小時的運動。當你利用愈多的體脂肪,不但能產生更多的能量,更能延長醣的消耗。

Follow the principle of specificity. If you want to teach your body to use more fat for fuel, then create training conditions that generate high fat metabolism. Your body will eventually learn to prefer fat.

依據上述的原理,假使你想訓練自已的身體利用更多體脂作為能源,只要創造能提高體脂肪新陳代謝的訓練條件,身體就會學習利用脂肪 。

Research conducted at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden during the 1980s showed that, within the leg muscles of highly trained endurance men, the activity of enzymes that break down fats was 100 percent higher than in the untrained subjects. As a result, during exercise they had a much higher ability to regenerate the ATP that fuels muscular contraction than those who had a greater reliance on carbohydrates.

在瑞典的Karolinska 中心進行的研究顯示,經過耐力訓練的男子大腿肌肉中,其酵素分解脂肪的效率高於未經訓練者的一倍。因此,這些酵素在運動時比主要 依賴醣代謝的酵素有較高的能力再生肌肉收縮所需的ATP。

These researchers found that the maximal oxygen consumption (or V.O2max) was 50 percent greater in the trained men. Maximal oxygen consumption measures aerobic capacity: the efficiency of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood, the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen, the power of the heart and blood vessels to deliver large quantities of blood to the muscles, and the ability of the muscles to use the oxygen. Fats cannot be burned without oxygen. Not only did these men have more enzymes to combust the fat, but they also had more oxygen to feed the fire.

這群研究者發現耐力訓練過的人,他的最大耗氧量(V.O2max)也提高50%。最大耗氧量用來測量換氧能力: 包括肺的工作效率,血液的載氧量,心臟和血管的送血量和肌肉使用氧的能力。脂肪燃燒不能缺氧,這些經過耐力訓練的人不僅有較多的 酵素燃燒脂肪,也有較多的氧氣供應。

Researchers have since demonstrated that, after a 12-week six-day-per-week program of 45 minutes of running and cycling at a high intensity, fat combustion increased by 41 percent. This was accompanied by reduced reliance on carbohydrates.

研究者曾展示經過12週,每週六天,每天45分鐘高強度的跑步和自行車的訓練,脂肪的燃燒增加41%,同時也降低對醣的依賴。

後面還有喔!



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: 賁俊蓮
發表日期: 2006-02-06 at 1:31pm

張大哥:剛把你翻的大作放入百信網頁與隊友共享,(今日網路不大順暢),偷睡了一下,又看到生出第二段,等一下再放進去,讓你成 為百信的跑步知識的頭一棒,別忘努力生產.
雖然跑得不好,也會努力看看.



發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-06 at 1:57pm
看一些文章乾過癮,目前沒法隨大伙兒跑步,就貢獻一些讀書心得作參考。練英文也練中打。不好意思!


-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: jiunn
發表日期: 2006-02-06 at 11:52pm
受益良多,謝謝。


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-07 at 8:22am

譯文之三

MILES MAKE MITOCHONDRIA 里程數製造粒腺體

The enzymes of fat metabolism are located in structures within the muscle cells called mitochondria. Fats are transported into the mitochondria where, in the presence of oxygen, they are broken down to generate energy. More mitochondria means more fat metabolism, more ATP, and more energy.

代謝脂肪的酵素存在於肌肉細胞�媞椄假伓〣撉熔梒握丑A脂肪被傳送進粒腺體中,只要有氧的存在便作用產生能量。愈多的粒腺體表示愈 多的脂肪的代謝,產生愈多的ATP就有愈多的能量。

High-volume training increases the amount and size of mitochondria. Longer exercise bouts produce the greatest gains in mitochondrial content. A 90-minute run provides a better stimulus than a 60-minute run. It is common for runners to do "two-a-day" workouts to get in the necessary mileage. However, this research indicates that a runner will receive much more benefit from running one 90-minute workout than two 45-minute workouts. There is, however, a point of diminishing returns. A three-hour run is better at nudging the mitochondria content upward than a 90-minute run, but the gains are offset by the necessity of a longer recovery time between workouts.

大量訓練會增加粒腺體的數量和尺寸。愈長時間的運動可加速產生新陳代謝中的益處。跑90分鐘比跑60分鐘產生更好的刺激。為了累積里程數跑者一天練跑兩趟是很平常的現象,可是此研究指出跑一趟90分鐘的效果好過跑兩趟45分鐘的訓練。但也不是意味著可以無限制的增長時間,必定有個極限。3小時的長跑固然比跑90分鐘有利於提昇代謝的效果,但成效會被操練之間所需更長的恢復時間所抵消。

During the base phase of building miles, it is the daily consistency of training over a period of weeks and months that will boost fat metabolism.

在累積里程數的最初階段,要提昇脂肪代謝率要每天密集的訓練數週或數月。

After the base phase and basic fat metabolism have been established, training time should be shifted into very prolonged runs of three or more hours, depending on your event. Very long runs are important in preparation for the marathon and longer events. After two to three hours of running, the leg muscles run low on glycogen. Hormonal adjustments to the low glycogen levels shift fat metabolism into an even higher gear.

經過最初的階段後而且基本的脂肪代謝機制己被建立,訓練時間即可延長至3小時以上的超長跑,視你準備挑戰的距離而定。超長跑在準備馬拉松或超馬時是非常重要的。經過2、3小時的長跑後,腿部肌肉消耗很少的肝醣,內分泌的機轉會降低肝醣並提高脂肪的代謝使身體進入高速省油檔。

Miles may make champions, but those miles should be carefully developed, monitored, and arranged to get the maximum effect. In his buildup program, Lydiard recommends alternating longer 90-minute to two-hour runs with 60-minute runs on other days, aiming for a total of 10 to 11 hours of weekly running.

里程可以贏得錦標,但必須小心地累進,被監測和妥善安排方能獲得最佳訓練成效。在Lydiard的里程累積計畫中,他建議用2小時長跑撘配隔天1小時的方式來取代90分鐘的長跑,來達成10~11小時的週里程數。

Give yourself plenty of time to build up to these levels. Jon Sinclair, former world-class runner turned coach, cautions that it is not practical or even possible for most people with full-time jobs and families to build up to running 10 hours per week in a mere three months. The amount of mileage you will be able to run depends on your lifestyle, physical capabilities, and prior training history. He advises his less-experienced athletes to build up mileage over a period of many months or even years. His associate, Kent Oglesby, took four years to prepare a 3:15 marathoner for the rigors of running 100 miles per week. The result was a 2:46 marathon, which earned her a spot at the U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials.

給自己充份的時間達到這樣的水準。Jon Sinclair,前世界頂尖跑者現轉任教練,指出要大多數的上班族及有家庭的人做到3個月每週累積10 小時的里程數是不實際甚至不可能。每個人能跑的里程數要視生活型態、生理的負荷及先前訓練的情況而定。他建議較沒經驗的跑者多用 幾個月或幾年來建立個人的里程數。他的副手Kent Oglesby用4年時間累進至每週100英哩的嚴格訓練來準備挑戰3:15的馬拉松。比賽結果2小時46分使她成為美國奧運選拻賽的焦點。

TRAIN AT THE TOP OF YOUR FAT-BURNING ZONE 在體脂肪代謝的最頂點作訓練

My speed in long races had been declining since I had become a masters runner. For a number of years I had been running LSD (long, slow distance) type training. In the process of researching and writing about fat metabolism, I read Lydiard's book Running the Lydiard Way. Lydiard's formula advocates not just high-volume training but high volume at speeds near the "maximum steady state."

我長跑的速度自從我成為老練的跑者後就衰退。多年以來我都採LSD(長、慢、距離)式訓練法。當研究脂肪的新陳代謝時,我研讀Lydiard的著作Running the Lydiard Way,他的法則倡導不僅要高訓練量還要夠份量的速度訓練以接近最高均速的狀態。

In other words, most training should be conducted close to the highest speed that you can run without going anaerobic. This is the speed where fat metabolism is at its highest. For experienced runners, the maximum steady state equals an intensity of 70 to 75 percent of maximum heart rate. For those just launching their running careers, it will be closer to 60 to 65 percent of maximum heart rate. Studies have confirmed his theories. Volume and intensity interact to produce even greater gains in mitochondria development. Daily runs of 90 minutes at 70 percent max will boost mitochondria 30 percent higher than equivalent time spent at an easier 50 percent effort.

換句話說,所有的訓練都該要求接近不形成氧債的最高速度,這也是脂肪代謝的頂點。對老手而言,最高均速狀態相當於70~75%最高心跳的強度,對新手而言,約為60~65%最高心跳。研究已經證實他的理論,訓練量和強度交互作用對新陳代謝的發展產生更大的效果。用70%最高心跳的強度每天跑90分鐘相較於相同時間只用50%的最高心跳強度可提高30%新陳代謝的效果。

After purchasing a heart rate monitor and calculating my target heart rates, I was surprised to find that my LSD training intensity had been substantially below my target training intensity of 70 percent. Initially I had a hard time running more than 60 minutes at that effort. However, after only six weeks of faster training, I was easily able to maintain that pace for a full two hours. Although LSD training will increase fat metabolism and endurance, it will limit your endurance at marathon paces. Long, slow running will only teach you to run slowly for long periods.

當我買了心跳計並計算我的目標心跳後,我驚訝的發現LSD訓練強度事實上低於70%最高心跳的強度。起先我想保持目標強度超過60分鐘都令我吃足苦頭,然而只經過6週較怏速度的訓練,我就能輕鬆地維持速度超過2小時。雖然LSD式訓練法提高脂肪代謝和耐力,但也會限制你的耐力在馬拉松的配速。長、慢跑只會教你的身體跑慢和跑久。

On the other hand, you can run too fast on your daily runs. At faster paces, oxygen demand exceeds supply. You are now anaerobic. Fuel reliance switches predominantly to carbohydrates, and the result is the accumulation of lactic acid. Lactic acid inhibits the enzymes that break down fat and therefore reduces fat metabolism. If you go out for a 45-minute run at 10K race pace, you will be burning less fat and generating more waste products than if you ran those 45 minutes at only a 60 percent effort. Daily hard efforts will result in accumulation of waste products and decreased recovery, and lead to declining performances. It's better to run a little too slow than a little too fast.

另一方面,你也可能在每日練跑時跑太怏。在較怏的速度下,氧氣供不應求。這時你處於氧債的狀態,能量供給會轉向醣類,結果也造成 乳酸的累積。乳酸阻止酵素分解脂肪也就降低脂肪的代謝。假使用10K的速度跑45分鐘,將會比60% 強度跑相同時間消耗較少脂肪及產生更多的廢物。每天苦操將造成體內廢物的累積和延緩恢復,也會導致體能狀況衰退。稍微慢一些總好 過太怏一些。

接下來還有精采的喔!

 



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: nec026
發表日期: 2006-02-07 at 10:53am
依張大哥文章之言,練跑要達到效果都是以90分或120為基準.看樣子我平時跑步的量還要再提高30分到1小時才能破個人pr.

-------------
小蔡就是nec026,nec026就是小蔡


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-07 at 4:56pm

小蔡您好,很高興與您交流運動的心得。

首先必須聲明,本文是翻譯的文章,譯者基於尊重原作只能以跑者的語言呈現作者的論點。

請考慮國情的差異調整數值的關係。

倒是這種革命性的觀念可以作為自訂訓練計畫的參考。

至於您的訓練量,我不敢亂出主意,端視整體的情況才好判斷。

 



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-07 at 5:06pm

譯文之四

RAISE THE LACTATE THRESHOLD 提高乳酸門檻

Let's return to Shane after 24 weeks on his Lydiard-based training program. His fat metabolism is augmented, there is a substantially reduced reliance on glycogen, and his glycogen stores are larger. He again decides to test his ability to run at 65 percent of his maximum. Before the test he makes sure to get plenty of carbohydrates in his diet so that his leg muscles and liver are loaded with glycogen. This time he was able to continue for three hours.

回頭再看賢哥經過24週Lydiard式的訓練成果。他的脂肪代謝提高,也降低消耗肝醣,並且身體中肝醣的儲量也增加。他決定再次用65%的強度進行測試。測試前他刻意在飲食中攝取大量的碳水化合物以確保他的肌肉和肝臟中儲存足夠的肝醣。這次他持續跑了3小時。

His skeletal, connective, and muscle tissues; his metabolism; and his cardiovascular, nervous, and endocrine systems are now prepared for some faster training. His next step is to focus on increasing his endurance running speed and reducing his lactate production.

他的骨骼、結締和肌肉組織,他的新陳代謝,他的心臟及血管系統,神經和內分泌系統都己準備好迎接更快的速度訓練。下一步訓練的重 點就是提昇耐力跑的速度及減少乳酸的產生。

Endurance races are aerobic races. Marathons tend to be run at just below the level where you start to accumulate lactic acid, which is known as the anaerobic threshold (AT). How many times have you started a race too fast and gone anaerobic, only to suffer later and run slower than you planned or even had to drop out?

耐力跑是有氧運動,馬拉松傾向保持跑在開始累積乳酸的運動程度之下,亦即所謂的氧債門檻(AT)。還記得自己曾經多少次因起步太快形成氧債運動後,不得不忍受肌肉酸痛舉步維艱地苦撐「慢跑」,甚至中途放棄。

With a higher AT, you will be able to sustain faster marathon and ultramarathon paces. Elite world-class marathoners often have such a highly developed fat-burning engine that they can run marathons at 85 percent or higher of their maximum. For the rest of us, 75 to 80 percent is a realistic goal.

若有較高的氧債門檻,你能維持較快的馬拉松和超馬的配速。頂尖的世界級馬拉松選手通常具備高效能的脂肪代謝能力,使他們能用85%甚至更高的最高心跳來跑馬拉松。其餘如我輩之跑者,75~80%才是我們追求的目標。

Anaerobic threshold training augments the basic fat metabolism you have spent so much time developing. The result is faster running speeds over the long haul. A measured dose of faster, anaerobic training will teach your muscles and blood to metabolize and buffer lactic acid. The goal is to generate a manageable quantity of lactic acid that your muscles can dispose of easily and permit a sufficiently long training session and quick recovery. Venturing too far into the anaerobic zone will generate too much lactic acid, reduce the amount of work you can do within your training session, and risk lasting fatigue and overreaching. Marathoners don't derive much benefit from 400-meter repeats.

氧債門檻的訓練能加強你費時很久建立的脂肪代謝的能力。訓練成果是更快的速度完成長遠的路程。一種經計算過份量和頻次的氧債速度 訓練能使你的肌肉和血液代謝和緩解乳酸。訓練目的要產生你的肌肉可以輕易處理之適量的乳酸,並容許足夠時間的長期訓練及快速恢復 。投入太多氧債區的運動會產生太多乳酸,降低在此期間的訓練量,並導致疲勞持續和訓練過量的風險。馬拉松跑者不會從 4百米反覆跑中得到助益。

Faster, sustained running at 80 to 85 percent and mile repeats are good methods to increase lactate tolerance. Oglesby recommends tempo runs of 10 to 12 miles at 15 to 30 seconds per mile faster than goal marathon race pace. An added benefit of these tempo runs is that the marathon pace feels easier and more manageable.

較快速的持久跑在80~85%強度並以1英哩作反覆跑是很好的方法來提高乳酸耐受力。Oglesby建議用比跑馬拉松的目標速度每英哩快15~30秒的配速做10~12英哩的間歇跑。如此訓練的附加價值會令你跑馬時更輕鬆自在。

A recent study examined the effect of high-intensity interval sessions on fat and carbohydrate metabolism and lactate concentrations in cyclists who had been training two to three hours per day for years. They replaced some of their endurance miles with two weekly sessions of 6-9 x 5-minute intervals with 1 minute of recovery between. After six weeks, the percentage of energy coming from fat during a one-hour trial had increased from 6 percent to 13 percent. How well this applies to a race lasting more than two hours is unclear.

最近的研究證明經年累月每天訓練2~3小時的自行車手接受高強度間歇訓練後在脂肪和醣的代謝與乳酸濃縮的成效。他們每兩週一次以6-9趟5分鐘間歇訓練,間隔1分鐘休息來取代耐力訓練。經過6週後,當1小時競速時,脂肪供給能量的比例從6%提高到13%。至於對超過2小時比賽的改善就不明顯。

Because of the results from studies on interval training such as these, many runners have opted out of the extended base-building phase citing "quality over quantity" as the rationale. I would like to emphasize that high-intensity training builds on the increased strength, resilience, and fat metabolism developed during those long, high-quality aerobic miles. Jumping into AT training before your body is sufficiently prepared will not produce the desired results: fast marathons.

因為這些研究的結果,許多跑者就斷章取義地截取延伸訓練的部份視之為「重質不重量」的理論。我必須強調這種高強度的訓練必要的前 提,是由長期高素質有氧訓練累積的里程數所產生的肌力、彈性和脂肪代謝的能力為基礎。在體能狀況未完備之前投入 AT訓練,無法產生你期待的結果:更快的馬拉松成績。

原來如此,再來呢?

 



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: RunningYam
發表日期: 2006-02-08 at 1:57am
OPEN 兄翻譯得好, 造福跑友, 非常感謝!


-------------
我只是出去散步,最後得出結論,以避開到日落,為走出去,我發現,是怎麼回事英寸

-約翰繆爾(1838年至1914年)

只是出去走走,結果待到天黑,我發現,出走竟真是返我。


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-08 at 7:38am

感謝您的鼓勵,小弟也在學習的過程中受益良多。

接下來有關營養和飲食控制的部份學理深奧,恐怕謬誤百出,懇請諸先進海涵並惠予勘正。

弟正求教於醫院服務的內人。



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-08 at 11:44pm

譯文之五

SHOULD YOU EAT AND RUN? 該不該進食後跑步?

It is best to start an exercise session with stable, fasting blood glucose levels and higher blood fat levels. Glucose is a powerful regulator of fat metabolism. The higher the glucose content of the blood, the lower the fat metabolism. High blood glucose levels are generated from dietary carbohydrates.

開始運動前的最佳狀態是穩定的低血糖和高血脂。血液中葡萄糖的高低對脂肪的代謝有很強的調整作用。高血糖會抑制脂肪的代謝,而高 血糖則來自飲食中的醣類攝取。

This effect is associated with insulin. High blood glucose stimulates the hormone insulin to be released from the pancreas. Insulin is a storage and growth hormone. Its main job is to reduce blood glucose but it also acts to store fat and protein. In the process, insulin directly blocks removal of fat from fat deposits. These deposits are an important source of fat for exercising muscle. Insulin also reduces fat burning within the muscle. Therefore, increased insulin is considered to be antagonistic to fat combustion during exercise.

這種機轉與胰島素有關。高血糖刺激胰臟分泌胰島素,胰島素是儲存和生長的荷爾蒙,主要功能在降低血糖也會促使脂肪和蛋白質被儲存 。在作用過程中,胰島素阻絕體脂肪的移轉,這些體脂肪是運動肌肉中脂肪的主要來源。胰島素也會減少肌肉中的脂肪燃燒。所以運動中 增加胰島素被視為在抑制脂肪燃燒。

In an interesting piece of research, investigators at the University of Limburg in the Netherlands and at the University of Texas collaborated to determine whether high blood glucose and high insulin levels reduce the amount of fat burned during moderate-level exercise. A group of endurance-trained men cycled for 40 minutes at an aerobic 50 percent of maximum after an overnight fast. On another day, they ingested a drink containing 100 grams of glucose at 60 minutes before and then again at 10 minutes prior to the exercise test. This is a carbohydrate equivalent of drinking one and one-half liters of Gatorade an hour before a race and again 10 minutes before the start. While this may not mimic real-life situations, what the researchers found was telling. Fat metabolism was substantially reduced for the full 40 minutes of the exercise after the carbohydrate load.

研究中有趣的部份是,荷蘭Limburg 大學和德州大學的研究者們共同研究測量於穩定程度的運動中,高血糖和高胰島素是否減少脂肪的燃燒量。一群受過耐力訓練的男性受測 者在經過整夜禁食後用50%最高心跳的有氧強度騎40分鐘自行車。改天同一組人在運動測試前60分鐘攝取含100克葡萄糖的飲料,10分鐘前再喝一次,這樣的醣類攝取量相當於在比賽前60和10分鐘前各喝1.5公升的開特力運動飲料。這也許並非仿傚真實情境,此研究說明在攝取醣類後的整整40分鐘運動中脂肪的代謝實質地減少。

While most people would not eat that much carbohydrate before a run, it is common for people to eat a sports bar, bagel, or banana in the hour prior to training. Try to avoid eating for at least two hours before a run.

當然多數人不會跑步前吃那麼多的碳水化合物,可是在一小時前吃點止饑的食物或香蕉卻很平常。請設法避免在跑前2小時內進食。

It takes as little as 20 grams of ingested carbohydrate to raise insulin and reduce fat as fuel. If you have nutrition awareness or read the nutrition labels on foods, you will know that a couple of slices of bread, a banana, a sports bar, or a soda each delivers more than 20 grams of carbohydrate.

只要攝取少少地20 克的醣類就能提高胰島素和減少脂肪提供能量。若你有營養概念或看看食物上的營養成份標示,你會瞭解兩片土司,一根香蕉,運動能量 棒或汽水,任何一樣都供應超過20克的醣類。

Fasting increases blood fat levels. Running after your overnight fast will increase fat burning. A cup of coffee beforehand may boost it even higher. Once exercise has started, eating carbohydrates does not generate a substantive insulin response. If you are starting a long run lasting two hours or more on an empty stomach, you may want to eat a sports gel or bar after 20 to 30 minutes throughout the run. Otherwise you will be faced with the nausea and fatigue of low blood sugar and have a poor training session. If you tend toward hypoglycemia when you get up in the morning, you may want to eat something in the minutes immediately before you head out the door. It takes 30 minutes for insulin levels to peak.

禁食提高血脂濃度,早晨空腹跑步會增加脂肪燃燒。事前一杯咖啡效果更好。 一旦開始運動後進食就不會引起胰島素的反應。假如你空著肚子進行2小時以上的長跑,你最好在20~30 分鐘後補充能量包或能量棒來撐完全程,否則你將面臨因低血糖而反胃或虛脫,並且訓練無效。如果你有起床時低血糖的傾向,必須馬上 吃點東西才能出門,記得胰島素的濃度要30分鐘達到頂點。

However, before a long race or run you will have more endurance and perform better if you eat a meal containing carbohydrate two to three hours before. Early in the morning, your liver glycogen stores, which supply blood glucose, have been depleted by the overnight fast. The brain and nervous system rely on blood glucose for energy. If you start a marathon without replenishing these stores, you will bonk. The two-hour time interval is sufficient to reduce blood glucose levels back to normal and restore fat metabolism.

無論如何,在長距離比賽或訓練前2~3小時攝取高醣的飲食必能提高耐力和體能狀態。在清晨時,肝臟中的肝醣存量(供給血液中葡萄糖的來源)被終夜禁食所耗盡,大腦和神經系統仰賴血糖作為能量。假如沒有補充存量去跑馬拉松,你會撞牆。2小時進食間隔己足夠讓血糖濃度降低至正常標準和恢復脂肪的新陳代謝。

剩結論啦!



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-09 at 12:44pm

譯文之五

WHICH DIET IS BETTER: HIGH FAT OR HIGH CARBOHYDRATE? 吃什麼才補:高脂或高醣?

There has been considerable research in the past decade on the effect of diet composition on endurance. Prior to now, endurance athletes usually followed a high-carbohydrate diet with the rationale that enhanced glycogen stores are known to fuel superior training and marathon race performances.

過去十年己有很多研究探討飲食控制在提昇耐力方面的效果。截至今日耐力型的選手通常遵循增加肝醣的存量可以提昇訓練和比賽時體能 的理論而採用高醣飲食。

Most sports nutritionists recommend a diet that supplies 6 to 8 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight. These levels of dietary carbohydrate can easily reach 400 to 600 grams per day. This adds up to 1,600 to 2,400 calories of carbohydrate per day. This type of diet doesn't leave room for adequate amounts of fat or protein.

大多數的運動營養師推荐的餐飲每公斤的體重應攝取6~8克的碳水化合物。如此含醣比例的飲食可輕易達到每日400~600克的醣攝取量,並提供每日1600~2400卡得自醣類的熱量。這種飲食調配沒有足夠的空間容納適量且必須的脂肪和蛋白質。

The downside of a high-carbohydrate diet, especially a diet loaded with sugar, is reduced fat metabolism and fatigue. This is largely due to chronically stimulated insulin levels. The effects of insulin can last up to eight hours, especially after a big dose of carbohydrates, such as you might get from a big plate of spaghetti and rolls followed by a bowl of sorbet.

高醣飲食的負面影響是減少脂肪的代謝和造成疲勞,特別是吃太多甜食。主因是長期地刺激胰島素的濃度。胰島素的效應會延長至8小時,尤其在吃下大量醣類後,好比吃了一大盤的義大利麵後再吃一碗果凍。

Initially, studies found that high-fat diets, where fats supply 60 percent or more of the calories, showed promise as a means to better endurance. Fat burning is increased on high-fat diets, even at rest. Exercise tests showed higher endurance in subjects who had been eating high-fat diets in comparison with high-carbohydrate diets.

研究初期發現脂肪供給熱量超過60% 以上的高脂飲食確實是增加耐力的辨法。高脂飲食促進脂肪燃燒,即使在休息狀態亦然。運動測試顯示高脂飲食比高醣飲食有較好的耐力 表現。

At issue, however, was the intensity of exercise used for the tests. High-fat diets improved endurance at relatively low-intensity levels. When the intensity was increased to mirror race situations, the advantage disappeared. The higher- intensity exercise required more carbohydrate, and the subjects simply lacked adequate glycogen to continue for extended periods. The lesson is that you can reduce your reliance on carbohydrate, but you can't eliminate it.

值得爭議的是測試的運動強度。高脂飲食僅能提高耐力在低強度的運動中,當運動強度提高到真實比賽的狀態時,上述的優勢便喪失了。 高強度的運動需要更多的醣類,跑者很容易缺少適量的肝醣持續比賽。由此例我們學到,可以減低對醣類的依賴但不能省略。

We now know that both high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets cause fatigue and poor performances. The best diet is probably somewhere in between: one that supplies enough fat to stimulate fat metabolism and maintain production of testosterone and estrogen and also supplies enough carbohydrate to keep the brain and nervous system happy and the glycogen stores filled. Many sports scientists are recommending a basic diet that supplies 50 percent carbohydrate, 30 percent fat, and 20 percent protein, with additional carbohydrates after hard or long-duration training.

現在我們瞭解高醣和高脂飲食都會造成體能下降,那最佳的營養調配應該是介於之間: 有足夠的脂肪刺激體脂肪的代謝和維持製造睪固酮和動情素,也供給足夠的碳水化合物使大腦和神經系統保持愉悅及肝醣的儲存。許多運 動科學家建議基本的飲食供應50%醣類30%脂肪20%蛋白質,在艱苦的耐力訓練後另外增加醣的比例。

MORE QUESTIONS 更多的問題

There are still many unanswered questions regarding nutrition and endurance sports performance. Before a marathon or longer race, will fat loading in combination with glycogen loading boost performance? After hard or long training, should you also concentrate on replenishment of fat stores in the muscles? What type of fat, saturated or unsaturated, is burned for fuel? Will eating fat during races that last four hours or more benefit performance outcomes?

還有很多關於營養和耐力運動的問題無法解答。在馬拉松或長程比賽前,同時累積脂肪和肝醣會不會有更好的體能?經過重度操練後該不該刻意恢復肌肉中的脂肪存量?那種脂肪(飽和或不飽和)被燃燒來供給能量?在比賽中攝取脂肪能不能維持4小時或更久的體能表現?

What profile of fats in the basic diet is best for an athlete? The skeletal muscle membrane is made of fat. The composition of this membrane directly reflects the profile of fats in the diet. A diet high in saturated fats will generate a more solid, less fluid membrane. A membrane that incorporates more unsaturated fats is more fluid, allowing a more efficient flux of oxygen, water, fat, and glucose. New theories hold that these membranes are more leaky and require more energy to maintain. Conceivably then, a diet too high in either saturated or unsaturated fats could be detrimental to endurance performance.

在一般飲食中何種形式的脂肪最有利於運動員? 骨骼肌薄膜是由脂肪形成的,其組合的狀態直接反映出飲食中攝取脂肪的種類。飽和脂肪多的飲食會產生固態多於液態的薄膜。薄膜包含 較多的不飽和脂肪時流動性好,容許更有效率地氧氣、水、脂肪和葡萄糖的轉換。新的理論支持這些薄膜應該更具滲透性並需要更多能量 來維護。可以想像的是過度偏重攝取飽和或不飽和脂肪的飲食必將損害持久力。

While there are new training methods being developed to enhance marathon performance, you will find substantial success with theories that are now 40 years old. In contrast, the field of sports nutrition research is currently experiencing great strides. In the early 1990s, the accepted dogma of a high-carbohydrate diet came under fire and was dismantled. Until we have more definitive information, it is wise to follow a moderate, low-sugar, common-sense diet with high nutritional quality.

當有許多加強馬拉松實力的新訓練方法產生,你會發現這套40年前的理論許多實質的成就。相對的,運動營養學的研究目前也有大幅的進展。90年代初期所信奉高醣飲食的教條被打破,直至更多的證據確認,採用適量、低糖、正常飲食來提供高素質的營養補給才是明智的選擇。

With a training and nutrition regimen that coerces you to tap into your fat supplies, you can teach your body to use more fat during your migration through the marathon, and beyond.

利用訓練和營養調整的方法強制自已開發體脂肪的供應,讓身體運用更多的脂肪來完成甚至超越馬拉松吧!

全文完!



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: RunningYam
發表日期: 2006-02-09 at 1:24pm
我不善打字, 有機會願與 OPEN 兄討論翻譯事宜, 以更加造福跑友.

-------------
我只是出去散步,最後得出結論,以避開到日落,為走出去,我發現,是怎麼回事英寸

-約翰繆爾(1838年至1914年)

只是出去走走,結果待到天黑,我發現,出走竟真是返我。


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-09 at 1:35pm
敬祁    前輩賜教。


-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: Rose
發表日期: 2006-02-09 at 11:51pm

感謝 OPEN 兄,

對我這個才上路不到一年的小女子

受惠良多.

之前發生的許多狀況,從文章中得到啟示哦.

 

 



發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-10 at 8:54am

各位的鼓勵,令暫時只能用腦袋練跑的傷兵-我倍感溫暖,再次致上謝意。

拜科技之賜,能夠如此有效率地隔空交流大家的經驗及心得。當然也得歸功於辛苦維護這塊園地的版主們及熱情參與的各位朋友同好

翻譯告一段落,除了對原文有更深一層的認識外,也衍生了許多額外的研究,希望還有機會與大家共同探討。

談到自已的經驗,過去本身就是高醣飲食的信仰者,對血糖的反應非常明顯,因此團練或比賽時,我用的補給特別多,但依舊是「撞牆」 的常客。

因此本文提出開發脂肪代謝及飲食調整的理論,是個人刻不容緩的功課。透過本版面「拋磚引玉」以吸收更多前輩的經驗。

小弟以為具體的經驗實例必勝過紙上理論的千言萬語,無論新手或老將都有豐富的體驗供為參考,感謝並期待各位跑友的參與討論,謝謝 !



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: 芳村
發表日期: 2006-02-10 at 10:20am

...談到自已的經驗,過去本身就是高醣飲食的信仰者,對血糖的反應非常明顯,因此團練或比賽時,我用的補給特別多,但依舊是「 撞牆」 的常客。...

對張兄所言頗有同感,過去、現在我也是高醣飲食的信仰者,10k以上的賽事或練跑,沒有吃早餐不敢上場,卻往往無法在跑前兩小時 進食,當然跑到後段就很慘,今日看了張兄的譯文,受益菲淺,今後小弟得好好修正過去的看法,謝謝張兄的辛苦與分享



發表人: destine
發表日期: 2006-02-10 at 5:15pm
Smile我能體會2小時前飽餐一頓,是完跑的必要條件.


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-10 at 6:25pm

過去參加馬拉松時,總要用鬧鐘半夜3~4點起床吃早餐。當時並不懂脂肪代謝和胰島素的作用,只因不想吃撐肚子跑步,也覺得空著肚 子很難完跑。但困擾是半夜起床後要再入眠很難,在睡眠不足的狀況下跑馬拉松,9點過後就有熬夜般的疲勞產生。這對我這種4小時的 跑者還真麻煩,總是在30公里以後「撞牆」或者是「愛睏」??!!

讀完這篇文章後,如獲至寶。心想若能開發用體脂肪作跑馬拉松的能量就不必熬夜吃早餐了。因為能量從飲食補充得經過消化和吸收,起 碼要數小時,尤其脂肪更費時半天以上。因此吃好料的時間最好在正餐時間(前一天晚餐),可別在半夜喔!



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: 許正輝
發表日期: 2006-02-10 at 10:20pm

OPEN兄:

感謝您的辛苦翻譯,但這篇文章看了數次,其實並不完全能看懂(小弟資質愚鈍吧!),還是不知道「訓練計畫的重點在轉換脂肪作為能源」,這訓練計畫到底怎麼做?

「只要創造能提高體脂肪新陳代謝的訓練條件,身體就會學習利用脂肪 」如何創造訓練條件?

「研究者曾展示經過12週,每週六天,每天45分鐘高強度的跑步和自行車的訓練,脂肪的燃燒增加41%,同時也降低對醣的依賴」,高強度是指怎麼樣的強度?

「在累積里程數的最初階段,要提昇脂肪代謝率要每天密集的訓練數週或數月」,數週與數月相差很多,到底要怎樣的累積里程數?要累積到多少呢?

「 在Lydiard的里程累積計畫中,他建議用2小時長跑撘配隔天1小時的方式來取代90分鐘的長跑,來達成10~11小時的週里 程數」,所謂的里程數是指時間而非距離嗎?何時開始可以用2小時長跑搭配隔天1小時的方式來達成里程數?

「用70%最高心跳的強度每天跑90分鐘相較於相同時間只用50%的最高心跳強度可提高30%新陳代謝的效果 」,前面所指的高強度是否就是用70%最高心跳的強度來跑,而且是否意味著用70%最高心跳的強度每天來跑是較有效率的訓練方式 ,LSD的方式是落伍的?無用的?因為文章提到「雖然LSD式訓練法提高脂肪代謝和耐力,但也會限制你的耐力在馬拉松的配速。長、慢跑只會教你的身體跑慢和跑久」。但上述這句話也提到了「LSD式訓練法可提高脂肪代謝」,我們不是「要創造能提高體脂肪新陳代謝的訓練條件,身體就會學習利用脂肪 」嗎?這是否有前後矛盾之處?

「馬拉松傾向保持跑在開始累積乳酸的運動程度之下,亦即所謂的氧債門檻(AT)」,開始累積乳酸的運動程度是怎樣的程度?有人可以更具體的說明嗎?

「高強度的訓練必要的前提,是由長期高素質有氧訓練累積的里程數所產生的肌力、彈性和脂肪代謝的能力為基礎」,什麼是「長期高素質有氧訓練」?「高素質有氧訓練」不是「高強度的訓練」來的嗎?到底是要先「長期高素質有氧訓練」還是先「高強度的訓練」呢?兩者實在是搞不清楚~

「請設法避免在跑前2小時內進食」,那就是2小時前進食則無妨囉?但是您又留言說「若能開發用體脂肪作跑馬拉松的能量就不必熬夜吃早餐了 」,那就是如果能開發體脂肪作跑馬拉松的能量,就可以睡到該醒的時候起床去比賽,整夜禁食而且不必吃早餐,只要在開始比賽後的三 十分鐘再進行能量補給即可嗎?是否是這個意思?

但是文章又提到「在長距離比賽或訓練前2~3小時攝取高醣的飲食必能提高耐力和體能狀態」,那到底比賽前2、3個小時要不要吃呢?

小弟一連發問幾個問題,不曉得是否有人可以告知?感謝!



發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-11 at 12:11am

許老師您好,如果可以的話,容我代表Deborah Schulman, Ph.D向您致謝,除了我為了磨煉英文和中文打字而反覆研讀這篇文章外,也有如您這般熱忱的跑者給予其研究的論述作精闢深入的回 應。

您的提問令我陷入長考,其實自已只是努力呈現作者的原意,您指出的許多論點對我而言亦很陌生。希望有更多前輩惠予賜教。至於我個 人也責無旁貸地應再深入瞭解本文,並依許老師提醒的問題作有系統的闡明。

這類型的研究發表總受限於篇幅無法完整說明,小弟必盡力掌握重點稍後向許老師及諸跑友報告,再次感謝您的賜教!



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-11 at 7:09am
其實翻譯的過程中囿於自已有限的經驗和知識,腦中早己裝滿了疑問,不得不在本文的範圍之外多做些功課方足以連貫整篇文章。原本就 計畫在譯完正文之後,針對文中提到卻輕描淡寫的部份重要概念做進一步的闡述。躊躇之間就得到許老師的指教,有勞您費心給小弟多作 贅言。


-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-11 at 7:40am

許老師提出許多的質疑應可歸納為兩個面向來討論,訓練和營養。與本文作者所作的結論是一致的。

回應提問前先作前提的說明:

  1. 這是一篇運動生理學的研究發表,應是完整學術論文的摘要而己。
  2. 作者或許本身是跑者,但並未設定研究標的及實驗的樣本為馬拉松的跑者。
  3. 若以本文理論所適用的對象範圍而論,當以企求進階的跑者為宜。


-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: RunningYam
發表日期: 2006-02-11 at 8:11am
我覺得本論壇需要一些運動生理學的專業人士的參與, 或也可列入社團的活動之一, 不光是一直團練, 一些理論的了解, 一定有幫助德的. 先前提出的 forum_posts.asp?TID=2665&KW=%E8%97%9D%E8%BB%92" target="_self" title="這篇文章起始於: 2005-08-25 at 2:12am - 一系列的運動專業譯著 , 不知有心人士能詳加研讀, 多方吸收, 把精義貢獻出來, 嘉惠跑友?


-------------
我只是出去散步,最後得出結論,以避開到日落,為走出去,我發現,是怎麼回事英寸

-約翰繆爾(1838年至1914年)

只是出去走走,結果待到天黑,我發現,出走竟真是返我。


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-11 at 1:18pm

  1. 訓練計畫到底怎麼做?文中未說明詳細的執行方式。論述的重點在說服讀者接受以脂肪作為能源比醣類更適於如馬拉松這般超耐力的運動。具體的訓練計畫應可參考Lydiard的著作。
  2. 如何創造訓練條件?強度?累積里程數?從運動生理學的角度來看運動強度是以每分鐘心跳次數為度量標準。最高心跳(Max. heart rate)與年齡成反比,公式為:(男子)220-年齡=最高心跳數。強度的參考為百分比如下:
  • 50%以下 緩和運動(熱身或恢復跑)
  • 50∼60%輕度運動
  • 60∼70%重度運動(仍保持有氧運動)
  • 70∼80%激烈運動(氧債開始形成)
  • 80∼90%劇烈衝刺
  • 90∼100%接近窒息

依筆者為例:40歲無心血管疾病的馬拉松跑者,最高心跳為180/分,平日練跑的強度約在60%(心跳數105~110,6'' 30/km跑1小時)尚可聊天打屁。馬拉松配速5"10~20/km,但總是保持到25公里,最多30公里就撞牆,速度降到8" ~9"/km。

許老師提到何謂高強度運動,若以作者的意思該是60~70%的重度運動才能以有氧運動的訓練方式維持每周六天45分鐘而不致於過 度疲勞。

至於mileage里程數的概念,無庸質疑的是里程數是順利完跑的基礎。筆者曾在一些期刊中看到以時間代替距離的主張。理由是身 體不知道你跑過的距離,只知道做了多久的運動。關鍵是身體調整新陳代謝的方式。大家都知道運動可以減肥,但很多人失敗的原因在時 間,持續30分鐘以上的有氧運動身體才會提高脂肪的代謝率來因應耐久的活動。否則只消耗肌肉中的肝醣而減不掉脂肪。肝醣缺乏時身 體自然會提高你的食慾來補充。

自已的體驗是,過去的訓練不得要領,更搞不懂許多老馬們為何都跑不累,後段比前段還快。總以為練得不夠,僅按LSD的方式努力勤 跑。怎知十場馬拉松跑下來,愈跑愈慢,從3'41"到4'30"。唯一進步的是「撞牆」的時間點從20K延後到35K(此現象和 飲食控制也有很大的關係)。

再來談談何謂訓練條件?

準備挑戰馬拉松的訓練重點無疑是安全有效地累積必要的里程數。否則如老將何信言告訴我說,即使一流的選手三個月不練要跑完馬拉松 都很難。要達到安全且有效的訓練,訂定計畫會很有幫助。10%漸進、「難-易-難」強度交替和2小時以上的長跑是計畫的原則。但 如何創造提高體脂肪新陳代謝的訓練條件?依本文作者之意,計畫得區分前、後段不同的訓練目的。

以身體客觀的狀態為分界點:

前段以鍛煉骨骼、肌肉、?帶等生理組織足以安全負荷「高強度的訓練」為目的。因此「長期高素質的有氧訓練」是不錯的選擇。換句話 說,LSD訓練方式應屬於此階段的好方法。附帶地體脂肪的利用也會被開啟。至於期間該有多長得視身體狀況而定,短則數月長則逾年 ,前提是安全且持續地進行。

後段以提高脂肪代謝率為目標。方法是以較高強度訓練(重度與激烈運動之間)形成適量的乳酸誘發身體處理(恢復)的能力來提高AT 。結果是身體被訓練得能在高強度運動狀態下不提高肝醣供應能量的比例(一般人的生活作息很少以脂肪為能量來源,以肝醣為主的耗能 方式產生缺乏運動的人容易因短暫的運動造成酸痛和疲勞,並很久才恢復),避免乳酸的產生抑制脂肪的代謝並產生疲勞。

3. 另一個抑制體脂肪代謝的重要因素是胰島素的濃度。依人體的消化機制來看,靠飲食來補充能量需要足夠的時間,吃糖最大的功能其實是 安撫大腦和神經系統,減輕身體的不適。更糟的是若在比賽出發前吃了剌激胰島素分泌的補給品,接下來的半小時之內因肝醣的大量使用 而提高乳酸累積的風險。千萬別起跑地太快,否則很快就因乳酸激增而提前掛點。

兩個小時是作者依人體消化機制所建議最少必需的間隔時間。重點 在胰島素的控制。賽前2小時內攝取醣類沒有助益反而增加身體負荷 應該避免。至於2小時前的飲食需不需要呢?這時就得考慮國情的差異。在歐美等較高緯度的地區,馬拉松出發的時間較晚(聽說約在9 點),賽前吃個豐盛的早餐應該不需要半夜起床吧!

以上個人的心得希望能回應許老師的問題。再次感謝您給小弟復習的機會,如有謬誤,尚祁不吝賜教。



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: RunningYam
發表日期: 2006-02-11 at 2:07pm
文章發表人 OPEN


...在歐美等較高緯度的地區,馬拉松出發的時間較晚(聽說約在9 點),賽前吃個豐盛的早餐應該不需要半夜起床吧!...


我所在的舊金山矽谷地區, 約北緯 37 度, 全馬比賽時間多在 8 點以前, 以躲過中午的艷陽, 其他美國地區的全馬比賽也大致如此, 當然除了 http://www.bostonmarathon.org/BostonMarathon/110thMarathon.asp - 波士頓馬拉松 以外, 因為它是中午前後才開始.



-------------
我只是出去散步,最後得出結論,以避開到日落,為走出去,我發現,是怎麼回事英寸

-約翰繆爾(1838年至1914年)

只是出去走走,結果待到天黑,我發現,出走竟真是返我。


發表人: 許正輝
發表日期: 2006-02-11 at 2:17pm
感謝OPEN兄的精采回應,這樣一來我大致了解了,謝謝!


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-11 at 2:19pm
印象中,9點起跑好像在歐洲較多(柏林,阿姆斯特丹,羅馬…?)


-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-11 at 2:27pm
許老師的身材好得沒話說(參考您的個人網頁),願此理論助您健步如飛,馬到成功!


-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: 許正輝
發表日期: 2006-02-11 at 8:57pm

感謝OPEN兄的稱讚,跑步的好與壞與身材並不一定相關,例如國內的路跑王吳文騫及超馬王林義傑,聽說身高都不到170公分,今 天下午我去桃園體育場參加5000公尺測驗賽,跑第一名的(好像16分上下,)身高也未滿170,而且年紀至少有四十來歲,今天 我跑了兩趟,第一趟21分36秒,第二趟22分44秒(中間時間等第二組的跑者跑完,小跑步七、八公里),這樣的成績還不理想, 我想我的努力空間還很大(希望能進步的空間也很大),希望能藉由OPEN兄翻譯的這篇文章得到好的效果,謝謝!

 



發表人: RunningYam
發表日期: 2006-02-12 at 11:14am
文章發表人 許正輝


...我跑了兩趟,第一趟21分36秒,第二趟22分44秒...


正輝兄, 如果只跑一次 5K, 應該能跑進 20 分.


-------------
我只是出去散步,最後得出結論,以避開到日落,為走出去,我發現,是怎麼回事英寸

-約翰繆爾(1838年至1914年)

只是出去走走,結果待到天黑,我發現,出走竟真是返我。


發表人: 許正輝
發表日期: 2006-02-12 at 4:32pm

Running Yam兄:

感謝您的抬愛,小弟昨天的第一趟已費盡吃奶的力量去跑,目前可沒有跑進20分內的實力,個人5k的最佳紀錄是今年一月份桃園體育 場的五千公尺測驗賽,也不過只是21分35秒,春節期間跑的很少,在昨天測驗賽的前兩天(星期四)跑了18k,從好幾天沒跑,一 下子跑了18k,不知道對肌肉的疲勞是不是有影響,不過我目前仍緩慢進步中,希望有一天可以跑進20分內,我認為應該是可能的吧 !如果我夠努力練習的話~~



發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-23 at 11:53am

經過與跑友們的一番討論後,小弟自擬計畫準備以身試法來印証譯文中的理論。就以「 Finding Marathon」為計畫名稱。進行兩週後,對於MHR的強度計算總覺得怪怪的,於是針對相關資料再深入瞭解。原來自已讀書不求 甚解,數學又差,對強度的計算有誤,尤其還自作聰明地以自已為例向許老師做了錯誤的說明,幸好發現的早(希望沒鬧出人命),在此 鄭重向許老師及眾跑友致歉!

運動強度的心跳數=(MHR-RHR)x百分比+RHR

  • MHR:最高心跳數=220-年齡(女性226); 或者205-1/2年齡數(後者計算法較適合運動員)。
  • RHR:休息心跳=最好在早上睡醒起床前測得。

再以自已為例,試算如下:

MHR=205-40/2=185

RHR=63

100%=185

95%=179

90%=173

85%=167

80%=161

75%=155

70%=149

65%=143

60%=137

55%=131

50%=124

因此小弟所云總總,若重新衡量,還原真象後應如下述:

過去在澄清湖練跑時的強度若以心跳數120為參考值,強度尚不及50%。再以今早為例,我以5"30/km持續跑1小時,測得四 段心跳為141-147-150-135,強度範圍60%~70%之間,平均65%。

5"30/km是小弟往日巔峰時期的全馬配速。

實在是見笑了! 各位跑友請多多包涵。順便向許老師恭喜永和超馬跑出佳績,顯然沒有被我害到。



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: 許正輝
發表日期: 2006-02-23 at 8:22pm

OPEN兄:

您言重囉!我是還來不及印證這個訓練的方法,所以完全不受到影響,這星期12小時超馬跑完之後再來仔細研究該怎麼來練~~

感謝您的辛苦!



發表人: 阿德
發表日期: 2006-02-24 at 8:51am

有一位前輩跑友年紀 50歲  馬拉松配速 用75% 最高心跳 157 可跑  2:59 03:00 03:01的成績.

而小弟44歲  馬拉松配速是用 88% 最高心跳 170 僅跑出 3:19 3:20 3:21 . 如果不用心跳表來跑,成績更爛.

渣打馬拉松 前10公里用 80%最高心跳160 來跑,速度太慢  太輕鬆了 , 一直有大胖子跑友在前面晃來晃去 , 10k後改用170來跑 ,才跑出應有的速度.

  

 



發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-02-24 at 9:14am
請教樓上的阿德兄,能否多提供些您測心跳的經驗給我們參考。我是採最笨的方法,跑到一半停下來量脈搏。誤差必然很大。德兄又是如 何測心跳數的?


-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: 阿德
發表日期: 2006-02-24 at 9:53am

小弟是用最陽春的心率監視器  POLAR  A3 型 約台幣 3000元以內,可設定馬拉松配速心跳區間  ,如果跑太慢或太快都會警告聲  嗶 嗶 嗶 ,嗶聲的頻率是隨您當時的心率快慢同步 .

通常馬拉松前段 會參考心率監視器的配速 ,後段心跳加快 ,已超出設定區間,就把警告聲關畢 ,按平常的5公里區段配速而跑.

如遇到爬坡, 小弟會故意打開警示聲,依心跳的頻率跑 PITCH,快步頻上坡.



發表人: 賁俊蓮
發表日期: 2006-03-07 at 11:05am
OPEN兄請看比賽感想,有人(永慢湯明輝)推崇你翻的文章,受益良多,相信你會很高興,也謝謝你提供給我的意見及小偏方,只是 自己不爭氣,但還是有幫助.


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-03-07 at 11:39pm
小弟野人獻曝,見笑了。倒是幸好有阿湯哥讚聲,讓我有深一層的認知,並多了不少信心。


-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: Lotus Lin
發表日期: 2006-03-08 at 6:12pm
open老弟澄清湖復跑何時開張?跑友們除了需要你路跑新知的加持,更加需要你以身示範的鼓舞.企盼你的到來.


發表人: RunningYam
發表日期: 2006-03-09 at 2:41am
可以請 Open 兄當教練, 把一些新知讓大家實際演練一下, 印象才會深刻.

-------------
我只是出去散步,最後得出結論,以避開到日落,為走出去,我發現,是怎麼回事英寸

-約翰繆爾(1838年至1914年)

只是出去走走,結果待到天黑,我發現,出走竟真是返我。


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-03-09 at 8:13am
傅兄抬愛,小弟實不敢當。


-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: 湯明輝
發表日期: 2006-03-23 at 9:56am
張先生:感謝您的辛勞,這篇文章的中文版與原文版我都很仔細地拜讀過,因為我想知道素食者與雜食者哪個體力較好、為何有人每天跑 7、8公里還是無法降低體重、小腿為何會酸痛以及運動前能不能吃東西等等,這些問題在您的大作中都找到答案,因此這段時間我都奉 行「運動前2小時內不吃東西,運動開始後30分邊跑邊吃東西﹝跑馬拉松時﹞,每天跑1小時約10公里,飲食均衡」感覺不錯,除了 速度加快之外,體重也約略下降,我很驕傲地告訴朋友這就是燃燒脂肪跑法,我還在幾次路跑的心情故事中提到這篇文章,希望跑者也能 好好研讀一番,以確定正確的觀念!        湯明輝 敬上


發表人: OPEN
發表日期: 2006-03-23 at 10:55pm

湯兄: 感謝您的抬愛,一份好的研究文獻能得到愛跑者的實踐與認同,作為譯者與讀者的我們同感此善緣及福氣。幸得具醫學背景的內人協助理 解部份生理學的專業知識,才能勉強完成。小弟不敢居功,唯盼各位先進多多指教,以臻完備。

其實小弟亦效法湯兄身體力行,而且收穫很多,希望改天能與各位跑友交流心得。



-------------
Rest for Run, Run the Rest. Go!Go! Friends.


發表人: cesar
發表日期: 2006-03-26 at 12:23pm

謝謝OPEN這些譯作,讓我受益良多,下月八日將南下高雄,有機會的話會去澄清湖看看。

多年來一直無法突破422的瓶頸,好像是年紀大了與多次撞牆的問題。但是,看完OPEN這些譯作,又覺得和年紀無關,很想知道問 題在那?



發表人: 竹子
發表日期: 2006-03-30 at 5:44pm
奇奇:謝謝您2月19永和超馬以及228古坑的車上,用力的為我加油,在澄清湖跑的人應該是我跟您最熟.我會去陪您的.


發表人: cesar
發表日期: 2006-03-30 at 7:31pm

其實百信有些人我是見過面,但不是很熟,也不知他們的大名,除了秀竹和賁小姐外。到時還請竹子您多多介紹給我認識。

四月九日早上六點半我會到澄清湖去看看,二十多年前我曾在那兒跑過。



發表人: 連sir
發表日期: 2006-03-30 at 8:34pm

文章發表人 cesar

多年來一直無法突破422的瓶頸,好像是年紀大了與多次撞牆的問題。但是,看完OPEN這些譯作,又覺得和年紀無關,很想知道問 題在那?

奇奇兄:小弟給您指點迷津!您的問題癥結在於〝欠操練〞! 



-------------
~期待路跑活動中與您相會~
連煌基


發表人: 賁俊蓮
發表日期: 2006-03-31 at 7:38am

Cesar:奇奇兄可否先告知九日何時進澄清湖,人若在高雄,一定等候你的大駕光臨,歡迎你來澄清湖與我們隊友見面,一起跑.



發表人: cesar
發表日期: 2006-03-31 at 6:35pm

謝謝賁小姐的留言。

不知百信的團練是幾點開始練跑?

原則上我四月九日早上六點半會在澄清湖大門口出現。

 

 

 



發表人: 賁俊蓮
發表日期: 2006-04-01 at 11:48am
我們都是五點五分,從大門口直走階梯處起跑(個人物品及水放於其上的蔣公銅像),四點至起跑時都會有隊友陸續來到,通常五點五分 都會回到起點會合.
六點半到?要繳門票100元,可否省下,六點以前進入.園區是四點開門.
我自己在當天或許有北上行程,如果我不在,我會交待隊友陪跑,照顧一下北方來的貴客.


發表人: cesar
發表日期: 2006-04-02 at 4:46pm

哦!沒想到您們百信那麼早就起跑,難怪有些人跑起來那麼厲害,上次永和的百公里賽,我就那樣輸給您了,很難為情。

我們永和團練都是六點或六點半起跑,若時間許可我會早些去,謝謝您的告知,這樣我可省下100元門票。



發表人: 賁俊蓮
發表日期: 2006-04-03 at 7:36am

昨天已告知隊友,準備在週日好好迎接你,若是你於六點到,恰好我們跑一圈回來接你再跑,剛好,時間有變化再連絡.




列印本頁 | Close Window

Forum Software by Web Wiz Forums® version 9.73 - http://www.webwizforums.com
Copyright ©2001-2011 Web Wiz - http://www.webwiz.co.uk